Many of us, who went to school not that long ago, remember that being a special needs student meant riding to school in a separate bus and attending one class with other children of varying disabilities. These classes resembled more of a day care than school, and even the most advanced students had little hope of receiving a high school diploma, let alone attend college. Since that time, the term disability, and special needs student, has expanded to encompass much more than a person with an IQ below a certain arbitrary standard. What I have attempted to do in my first article is to give a little history of the evolution of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

In 1954 the United States Supreme Court decided Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which found that segregated schools were a violation of equal protection rights. It would be another twenty years before this concept was applied to children with handicaps, especially learning disabilities, trying to receive an education. In fact, shortly after Brown was decided the Illinois Supreme Court found that compulsory education did not apply to mentally impaired students, and as late as 1969, it was a crime to try to enroll a handicapped child in a public school if that child had ever been excluded.

Due to court challenges in Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia in the early 1970's things started to change. In 1975 Congress enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. This was the first law that mandated that all handicapped students had a right to an education. Not only did it mandate that all handicapped students had a right to an education, it also mandated that local educational agencies could be held accountable for not doing so. Shortly thereafter, the term handicapped was replaced with "child with a disability". Although revised in 1990 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the most comprehensive changes came in 1997. This law required schools to identify children with disabilities to make sure that all children have available a "free appropriate public education and related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for employment and independent living" 20 U.S.C. § 1401 (d). Unfortunately, the most recent changes in 2004 made the law slightly more difficult to receive the benefits they deserve, which, depending upon the next administration and the make up of Congress may or may not be a trend that will be followed in the future.

Exactly what is a "free appropriate public education"? Under the law, it is defined as "special education and related services that (A) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction, and without charge: (B) meet the standards of the State educational agency; (C) include an appropriate preschool, elementary or secondary school education in the State involved; and (D) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program required under [the law]." In other words, the school must provide services that meet the needs of a child with a disability that may affect their ability to learn. These "related services" can be services that are provided in the classroom, such as giving the child extra time to finish taking tests. They can also encompass services that can be provided outside of the classroom, such as tutoring, or having the child attend either a day or residential program outside of the school, along with transportation.

For the historical data, I relied on Wrightslaw: Special Education Law by Peter W. D. Wright and Pamela Darr Wright and Special Education Law in Massachusetts by Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education.

Paul Epstein is of counsel to the Massachusetts law firm of Epstein, Lipsey & Clifford. Attorney Epstein concentrates in Personal Injury, Products Liability, Special Education Law, Veteran's Disability Law and Criminal Defense. He was formerly a supervising Assistant District Attorney, a Clinical Instructor at Harvard Law School, an Investigator with the Public Defender's Office, and a Police Officer.

Law School Grants and Financial Aid For Single Mothers
Law degree is an amazing qualification to acquire at both the personal and professional level, but studying for law is a very expensive form of education. Single mothers with their own stress of handling work and home, cannot even think of such ambitions considering the expense of law education. For such instance have been designed the law school grants and financial aid for single mothers, which offers to provide the monetary services for those single mothers who are willing to study for the law course.

Grants for law education are extensively available but we should know the right place to start our research. Firstly, we should find maximum information about financial aids from the university or college we are thinking of pursuing the course. Many of the educational institutions provide scholarships and grants for students of the low-income households so that they can start their education. The other law grants provided to single mothers have been listed below in short:

1) Equal Justice Works fellowship - This award is granted to fifty law students, in varying amounts. The eligible students should meet the criterion for working in undeserved communities.

2) Law Schools Admission Council Research Grants - Law students working on a legal research program are entitled for this scholarship.

3) Elaine Osborne Jacobsen award for Women Working in Health Care Law - This award is granted to a female graduate student allocated as health care advocate or to a female law undergrad. The award prize money is $3,000.

The Washington College of Law believes in awarding those students who are studying for the doctorate program in law, which is a few of its kind in this arena of education. The Nation's Top Law School, the Columbia School of Law, also honors eligible students with awards and gifts who need financial care. The American Bar Association donates the highest number of grants and scholarships and believes in the motto of providing maximum financial assistance to the minority group and to the needy students to uphold the prestige of this profession. Other Law schools which also aim in providing the necessary financial aid and grants to the deserving students are the University of Michigan, Cornell University and so on.

The federal government also understands the inevitability of grants and loans for the single mothers. To be eligible for the federal grants, a free application form should be submitted at the online centre FAFSA, also including the last year's tax payment records. There are also several low-interest loans provided from the state like the Federal Stafford, Federal Perkins, Graduate PLUS and so on.

Acquiring a law degree makes you a respected member of the society, owing to the service you are providing in turn. Law school grants and financial aid for single mothers has been started for the very reason of making the single mothers a respectable part of the society and securing a very sound future for them.

Many places offer scholarships just for being in a specific group. Take just a few minutes to get a scholarship just for being a mother. That's $10,000 that does not have to be paid back. Here it is, Scholarship for Mothers [http://scholarship-for-mom.org] and it's free.
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